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B=    CA  D@  E?  C  B                                            %Tecnologa de Redes de Comunicaciones&&C( & 2. Redes EthernetC&                     !  "  #  $   %!  &"  '#  ($  )%  *&  +'  ,(  -)  .*  /+  0,  1-  2.  3/%Tecnologa de Redes de Comunicaciones&&C( & 03. Elementos de interconexin de nivel de enlace11C 1 40  51  62  73  84  95  :6  ;7  <8  =9  >:  ?;  @<  A  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T%Tecnologa de Redes de Comunicaciones&&C( & 4. Casos prcticosC  U  V  W  X  Y  Z  [  \  ]  ^  / GHIJKLMN O P Q R STUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde f!g"h#i$j%k&l'm(n)o*p+q,r-s.t/u0v1w2x3y4z5{6|7}8~9:;<=?@ABCEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^ ` ` ̙33` 333MMM` ff3333f` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> (    6 P  k7Haga clic para modificar el estilo de ttulo del patrn8 8/  0   kHaga clic para modificar el estilo de texto del patrn Segundo nivel Tercer nivel Cuarto nivel Quinto nivel7    l  0` ``  >*  0 `   @*  0 `   @*B  s *޽h ? ̙33 *Diseo predeterminado 0 P#(    0 bJ P   J P*    0HfJ    J R*  d  c $ ?  J/  0xiJ  @ J kHaga clic para modificar el estilo de texto del patrn Segundo nivel Tercer nivel Cuarto nivel Quinto nivel7    l  6nJ `P  J P*    6HsJ `  J R*  H  0޽h ? ̙33H 0 v(     C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg Z0  0rH P Xavier Vila i Espinosa Ing. Tcnico en Telecomunicaciones  Esp. TelemticaL(2LC <  N쓪gֳgֳ ?p VTecnologas de Redes  Redes de rea Local (,AC( B  s *޽h ? f3J= `(    NJgֳgֳ ?"p mNDICE DE LA SESINC    HJgֳgֳ ?"`p  0. Objetivos. 1. Redes de rea Local. 2. Redes Ethernet 3. Elementos de interconexin a nivel de enlace. 4. Casos prcticos .ZCrC. %   G   C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@ZH  0޽h ? ̙33o (    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  NJgֳgֳ ?p pOBJETIVOS DE LA SESINC   HJgֳgֳ ?`pD<4___PPT9 - Introduccin a los conceptos bsicos de redes de rea local, as como los estndares ms utilizados actualmente: Ethernet Fast-Ethernet Gigabit-Ethernet. - Descripcin de los distintos elementos de interconexin a nivel de enlace, as como las diferentes tcnicas de conmutacin. tt+~tC+CC>t H  0޽h ? ̙33A 1)(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  NJgֳgֳ ?p oPROGRAMA DE LA SESINC    HJgֳgֳ ?` ` R1.- Redes de rea Local. Definicin y caractersticas Modelo OSI de ISO Medios de Transmisin Topologa 2.- Redes Ethernet Ethernet Fast-Ethernet Gigabit-Ethernet 3.- Elementos de interconexin de nivel de enlace Bridges Switches LAN switching 4.- Casos prcticosO(2COCC(C2CCCbs 2 H  0޽h ? ̙33@ bZ (      C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z   HJgֳgֳ ?P`PH@___PPT9" )Por qu necesitamos redes LAN: Desarrollo de la informtica personal Organizacin distribuida Organizacin en grupos de trabajo Programas y datos compartidos Recursos compartidos Agilizacin de Comunicacin: Correo electrnico, transferencias de ficheros y documentos Racionalizacin del cableadoD C C.  Y   s Jgֳgֳ2 @ 1?` 51. Redes de rea Local Definicin y caractersticas :6CCC 6 H   0޽h ? ̙336? v(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@ZG  C xLJ2 @ 1?0 51. Redes de rea Local Definicin y caractersticas :6CCC 6 %  HJgֳgֳ ?  Tecnologas para el transporte de informacin Conmutacin de circuitos - RTC, RDSI (XDSI, ISDN) (nivel fsico) Conmutacin de paquetes - Orientado a conexin (circuitos virtuales) X.25, Frame Relay, ATM - No orientado a conexin (datagrama) Ethernet, WLAN, (nivel 2) IP (nivel 3) . ( -&(Z.CC(CC- C  C &C(CCZ   !     ! H  0޽h ? ̙33qC !$(  $ $ C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zq $ C x\2 @ 1?0 51. Redes de rea Local Definicin y caractersticas H6GGG 6 6 $ H\gֳgֳ ?P  Un Sistema de comunicacin que proporciona interconexin a una variedad de dispositivos en una rea restringida (recinto, edificio, campus) y que no utiliza medios de telecomunicacin externosCG1C GCGG$C/G&  8 H $ 0޽h ? ̙33zB *" (  ?  H/\gֳgֳ ?0 -Propiedad: Utilizacin de medios privados de comunicacin. Alcance: Desde metros hasta pocos kilmetros. Velocidad: Alta en comparacin con las de WAN. Conectividad: Permiten conexin de igual a igual. Interconexin: Ofrecen posibilidad de conexin con otras LANs.:0f)0 EfEf0GfEfEf%Gf EfEf#GfEf EfEf$GfEfEfSGf&(     C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zq  C x*\2 @ 1?0 51. Redes de rea Local Definicin y caractersticas H6GGG 6 H  0޽h ? ̙33 @ "(     C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zf  C xB\2 @ 1?0 *1. Redes de rea Local Modelo OSI de ISO H+GGG +    <N\@}% !OSI: Open Systems Interconnection8"0l<f!aA"   F 9   9`   01? `   01?v `   01? `   01?9 P `   01? `   01?  `   01?9 Q   Z@[\xaxa1?  tFSICO  g  hh88   Z(d\xaxa1? o  tENLACE  g  hh88   Ze\xaxa1? U H   qRED  g  hh88    ZDn\xaxa1? :  x TRANSPORTE  g  hh88   Z|\xaxa1?   tSESIN  g  hh88    Z~\xaxa1?. O O x APLICACIN  g  hh88    Z\xaxa1? Z z PRESENTACIN  g  hh88   T \xaxa1? p6 vNivel 7  g  hh88  T\xaxa1? Z| vNivel 1  g  hh88H  0޽h ? ̙33c* * *`55$)(  $ $ C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zf $ C x`\2 @ 1?0 *1. Redes de rea Local Modelo OSI de ISO H+GGG +   $ <<\@}% !OSI: Open Systems Interconnection8"0l<f!aA"  ^ $ 61?E0zt $ ZP\@:@:1?t v Aplicacin  c  +nn>>^ $ 61?|0z^ $ 61?0z ^  $ 61? 0z ^  $ 61?! 0zP ^  $ 61?X 0z ^  $ 61? 0z  $ Zt\@:@:1?>} x Presentacin  c  +nn>> $ Z\@:@:1?.  rSesin c  +nn>> $ Z\@:@:1?/ (  v Transporte  c  +nn>> $ Z\@:@:1?f "P  qRed  c  +nn>> $ Zl\@:@:1? 2  rEnlace c  +nn>> $ ZT\@:@:1? Mm rFsico c  +nn>> $  fX\@:@1?? c  q1" gf  +nn>> $  f\@:@1?? c r  q2" gf  +nn>> $  f ]@:@1??D c   q3" gf  +nn>> $  f ]@:@1??/ c   q4" gf  +nn>> $  f4]@:@1?? c  q5" gf  +nn>> $  f]@:@1??| c Q q6" gf  +nn>> $  f']@:@1??E c  q7" gf  +nn>>vB $ Np??J vB $ Np??H vB $ Np??\ J \ vB $ Np?? J vB $ Np?? J vB $ Np??# J # vB  $ Np??7J 7 !$  f1]@:@1??  q1" gf  +nn>> "$  f:]@:@1?? r  q2" gf  +nn>> #$  fB]@:@1??D   q3" gf  +nn>> $$  fK]@:@1??/   q4" gf  +nn>> %$  ftT]@:@1??  q5" gf  +nn>> &$  fl]]@:@1??|Q q6" gf  +nn>> '$  f d]@:@1??E q7" gf  +nn>>^ ($ 61?0 _ )$ Ze]@:@:1?u)_ v Aplicacin  c  +nn>>^ *$ 61?g ^ +$ 61?  ^ ,$ 61?  ^ -$ 61? ; ^ .$ 61?C r ^ /$ 61?z  0$ Zp]@:@:1? s x Presentacin  c  +nn>> 1$ Z=]@:@:1?  rSesin c  +nn>> 2$ Z]@:@:1?   v Transporte  c  +nn>> 3$ Zp{]@:@:1?Q &;  oRed c  +nn>> 4$ Z]@:@:1? r  rEnlace c  +nn>> 5$ Z]@:@:1?  rFsico c  +nn>>H $ 0޽h ? ̙33l ((  ( ( C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zf ( C x]2 @ 1?0 *1. Redes de rea Local Modelo OSI de ISO H+GGG +   ( <H]@}% !OSI: Open Systems Interconnection8"0l<f!aA"  ) ( N4]AA1 ?@   Nivel de Aplicacin: - Interficie entre las aplicaciones y el usuario con la arquitectura de comunicaciones. - Proporciona servicios de comunicaciones bsicos para: Acceso a sistemas de ficheros remotos NFS, RFS. Ejecucin remota de trabajos Telnet, RPC. Gestin de terminales virtuales VT. Servicios de mensajera MHS, X.400, SMTP. Servicios de directorios remotos DNS, X.500. Servicios para gestin de redes, SNMP. Z8Z( 8Z(cCCCC@      qv& H ( 0޽h ? ̙33 ^V,(  , , C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zf , C x,]2 @ 1?0 *1. Redes de rea Local Modelo OSI de ISO H+GGG +   , <]@}% !OSI: Open Systems Interconnection8"0l<f!aA"  k , 0x]pD ; Nivel de Presentacin: Normas de sintaxis para la transmisin, estructuracin y visualizacin de los datos. Permite la transmisin en diferentes formatos en una misma sesin. Realizacin de las conversiones entre cdigos de transmisin diferentes (por ejemplo ASCII- EBCEDIC). Emuladores de terminal para PCs. ~(l<f#(  <f( 2c"caA.6   H , 0޽h ? ̙33 0%(  0 0 C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zf 0 C x\]2 @ 1?0 *1. Redes de rea Local Modelo OSI de ISO H+GGG +   0 < ]@}% !OSI: Open Systems Interconnection8"0l<f!aA"   0 0$^@pk  B Nivel de Sesin: Establecer, mantener y finalizar sesiones concurrentes contra uno o ms sistemas remotos de forma transparente. NetBIOS.d(l<fP{(  <fPczcA.   H 0 0޽h ? ̙33 ?74(  4 4 C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zf 4 C x ^2 @ 1?0 *1. Redes de rea Local Modelo OSI de ISO H+GGG +   4 <`^@}% !OSI: Open Systems Interconnection8"0l<f!aA"  L 4 0H^ $ Nivel de Transporte: Establecer, mantener y finalizar conexiones simultneas a una o ms redes de forma concurrente y transparente. Comunicacin  extremo a extremo . Garantiza la fiabilidad en el envo de informacin a travs de la red. Nivel de transicin. TCP, UDP. (l<f#(  <f# 2caccA H 4 0޽h ? ̙33  tl8(  8 8 C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z 8 0^0P0  !{ Nivel de red: Servicios de encaminamiento y direccionamiento de mensajes. Independencia del enlace utilizado. IP, IPX. n(l<fPl(  <fP 2clcA{ f 8 C xd>^2 @ 1?0 *1. Redes de rea Local Modelo OSI de ISO H+GGG +   8 <A^@}% !OSI: Open Systems Interconnection8"0l<f!aA"  H 8 0޽h ? ̙339   <y(  < < C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zf < C xM^2 @ 1?0 *1. Redes de rea Local Modelo OSI de ISO H+GGG +   < <W^@}% !OSI: Open Systems Interconnection8"0l<f!aA"   < 0\^0.  Nivel de Enlace: Controla el acceso al medio fsico. Proporciona los elementos necesarios para conectar entidades de nivel de red a travs de un enlace de datos. Garantiza una transferencia fiable entre nodos colaterales del enlace. Fragmentacin y secuenciacin de la informacin en tramas. BSC, SDLC, HDLC, HDLC/LAPB, LAP-D. En redes de rea local se divide en dos : LLC (Logical Link Control) y MAC ( Medium Access Control). Normas IEEE 802.X.d(l<f(  <fccAH}    % H < 0޽h ? ̙33  ]U@@(  @ @ C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zf @ C xt^2 @ 1?0 *1. Redes de rea Local Modelo OSI de ISO H+GGG +   @ <Lw^@}% !OSI: Open Systems Interconnection8"0l<f!aA"  j @ 04|^@2  6 Nivel Fsico: Define las caractersticas de conexin de los equipos al medio en trminos elctricos y mecnicos. Permite la transmisin transparente del flujo de bits entre entidades de nivel de enlace a travs de conexiones fsicas. Normas RS-232C, RS-422, V.24, V.35, G.703, X.21, 10BaseT, 100BaseTX, ...h8l<fZP(8  <fZPc'cAH      H @ 0޽h ? ̙33  LD`D(  D D C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Za D C x^2 @ 1?0 -1. Redes de rea Local Medios de transmisin@.GCa . q D 00^ 4  El medio fsico nos condiciona la red? Ancho de Banda Longitud Fiabilidad en la transferencia Seguridad Facilidad de instalacin CosteJ'8l<fi8l<fc H D 0޽h ? ̙33  H(  H H C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z H 6d^`4 NPar Trenzado Tipos: UTP ( Unshielded Twisted Pair ) Bajo Coste Fcil instalacin Se utiliza para telefona y datos Suele ser de 4 pares STP ( Shielded Twister Pair ) Para distancias grandes Entornos ruidosos (l<f2 l<f2!0  <f2Ym0 <f2 0  <f2-m0 <f2 aca!cYc  c -cH  c  0 a H C x^2 @ 1?0 -1. Redes de rea Local Medios de transmisin@.GCa . H H 0޽h ? ̙33A L(  L L C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Za L C x,^2 @ 1?0 -1. Redes de rea Local Medios de transmisin@.GCa .  L 6^ 0` Par Trenzado Caractersticas: Soportan grandes velocidades. Impedancia: de 120 a 150 Ohms per STP de 100 Ohms per UTP Categoras de UTP: Categora 3 Categora 5, 5e (enhanced) Conectores RJ45j (l<f2 l<f2, l<f21  <f2 l<f2)  <f2 l<f2 cac+cc1ccc)cccZX     9   H L 0޽h ? ̙33 3+P(  P P C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Za P C x ^2 @ 1?0 -1. Redes de rea Local Medios de transmisin@.GCa .  P 6^@ 4 Cable Coaxial Tipos: 10BASE5 (Cable coaxial grueso) Impedancia de 50 Ohms Velocidad de 10 Mbps Longitud mxima del segmento 0,5 Km 10BASE2: ( Cable coaxial delgado ) Impedancia de 50 Ohms Velocidad de 10 Mbps Longitud mxima de 185 m (l<f2 l<f2 0  <f2Sm0 <f2&0  <f2Im0 <f2aca cSc& c IcG    !  7     2 P C AC:\Archivos de programa\Archivos comunes\Microsoft Shared\Clipart\themes1\Bullets\BD14755_.GIF ,$D 0H P 0޽h ? ̙33 NFT(  T T C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Za T C x``2 @ 1?0 -1. Redes de rea Local Medios de transmisin@.GCa . s T 6t`B )Fibra ptica Tipos: Multimodo (Normalmente Color naranja) Bajo Coste de los Transceptores Utiliza diodos LED Distancias pequeas (<1500m) Monomodo (Normalmente Color Amarillo) Para distancias grandes (Varios Km) Utiliza emisor Lser Alto coste de los transceptores Connectores: ST, SC2 (l<f2 l<f2'0  <f2Sm0 <f2'0  <f2`m0 <f20  <f2 aca'cSc' c ` c  c    0  2  ?  -    H T 0޽h ? ̙33 XD(  X X C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@ZW X C x/`2 @ 1?0 !1. Redes de rea Local: TopologaB"G Ea "  X 6@2``  }La topologa define la distribucin? Complejidad de la instalacin y mantenimiento Vulnerabilidad a fallos o averas Gestin del medio Facilidad de localizacin de averas Capacidad de expansin y reconfiguracin CosteH%8l<f20l<f2c.   H X 0޽h ? ̙33z *"  \(  \ \ C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@ZW \ C x@`2 @ 1?0 !1. Redes de rea Local: TopologaB"G Ea " p \ HA1?r p \ HA1?PpF' p \ HA1?@ 8 \ # lL` jJ jJ 1?o 8  WBus$P \/gf   \ # lD` jJ jJ 1? X ZAnillo$P \/gf    \ # l@,` jJ jJ 1?p p 9  \Estrella$ P \/ gf  H \ 0޽h ? ̙33, @`l(  ` ` C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z `  `|Z`gֳgֳ ?p `  ` Z8[`gֳgֳ ?0 ` @  ` H ` 0޽h ? ̙33 <4`d(  d d C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z d 0f`PP 2. Redes Ethernet: 2c.     d 0k`pp  Ethernet Diseada por Xerox en el ao 1970 Puesta en el mercado en el ao 1980 Mejorada en el ao 1985 (Ethernet II) Normalizada por el IEEE como 802.3 Dos versiones: Ethernet II IEEE 802.3 En breve la norma IEEE 802.3 incluir tambin la versin Ethernet II 8l<f8l<f8  <fF8l<fccccFc     Q  9  I   H d 0޽h ? ̙33 RJh(  h h C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  h 0``PP 2. Redes Ethernet: Ethernet. 2c a<      h Bh`p G [CSMA/CDc  h B`Pp[ @CSMA/CD : Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision DetectionAP m6Ab A XB h 01?tXB h 01?tXB h 01? D  h  `BNiOIA1?@ XB  h 01? t  h  `BNiOIA1?    h  `BNiOIA1?@P p  h HA1?  XB h 01? @ XB h 01? $ XB h 01? $  h  `BNiOIA1?  XB h 01? $  h  `BNiOIA1? 0 ^B h 61? @A  h  `BNiOIA1? ^B h 61?  ^B h 61? @ X ^B h 61? ` a ^B h 61?S I J #  h Z` jJ jJ1 ?pNX4  PLas estaciones escuchan el medio antes de transmitir, para ver si est ocupado Qpz=QCP f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8r h T` jJ jJ1?Pp Alguien transmite?0P \/fb  f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8H h 0޽h ? ̙33  x p l (  l l C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  l 0d`PP 2. Redes Ethernet: Ethernet. 2c a<      l B̲`p G [CSMA/CDc XB l 0f1?tXB l 0f1?xXB l 0f1? u  l  `BNiOIAf1? q XB  l 0f1? ~  l  `BNiOIAf1? xz XB  l 0f1?UU~  l  `BNiOIAf1?Mz ^B l 6f1?)* l  `BNiOIAf1?#t ^B l 6f1?^B l 6f1? / ^B l 6f1?^B l 6f1?L M ^B l 6f1?0 1 ^B l 6f1?6 l ZX` jJ jJf1 ?[ ^  Una vez que se inicia la transmisin, todas las estaciones  escuchan las tramas enviadas por las otras estaciones sph4sCr f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8H l 0޽h ? ̙33 p3(  p p C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  p 0`PP 2. Redes Ethernet: Ethernet. 2c a<     XB p 0f1?`D`XB p 0f1?d||XB p 0f1?ai i  p  `BNiOIAf1? a XB p 0f1?jP P   p  `BNiOIAf1?) H XB  p 0f1?j%%  p  `BNiOIAf1?) ^B  p 6f1?e`  p  `BNiOIAf1?#t ^B p 6f1?^B p@ 6f1?~^B p 6f1?VQ^B p 6f1?  ^B p@ 6f1? XB p 0f1?q < XB p@ 0f1? D \XB p 0f1?2[ [ XB p 0f1?@[ [ XB p 0f1?r XB p 0f1? ^2 p 6f1?M  p B`p G [CSMA/CDc ! p Z` jJ jJf1 ?  Cuando dos estaciones transmiten a la vez se produce una colisin. Las estaciones transmisoras detectan la colisin Esperan un tiempo aleatorio ( entre 10 y 90 micro segundos ) antes de transmitir otra vez pf3C  f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8H p 0޽h ? ̙33 4,t(  t t C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  t 0`PP 2. Redes Ethernet: Ethernet. 2c a<      t 0`  QIEthernet 10base5 (thicknet) 10base2 (thinnet) 10baseT 10baseFL ... t 8l<f?8l<f 2c@cAp           H t 0޽h ? ̙33  3 + x (  x x C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  x 0aPP 2. Redes Ethernet: Ethernet. 2c a<      x Hagֳgֳf ?p yTOPOLOGIA ETHERNET 4CA  XB x 0f1?^ XB x 0f1?(XB x 0f1?% x  `BNiOIAf1?`` ! XB  x 0f1? .  x  `BNiOIAf1?iG *   x  `BNiOIAf1?cs$ p  x HAf1?q    x  `BNiOIAf1?& W x  `BNiOIAf1? N  x  `BNiOIAf1? w XB x@ 0f1? $ 4 XB x 0f1? Q 2 XB x 0f1? Q  x x Tda jJ jJf1?=  En Bus, utilizando coaxial"P m6c&     f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8 x T\$a jJ jJf1?   ;-En Estrella, utilizando Hubs o Commutadores".P m6.cZ         f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8H x 0޽h ? ̙33I     | (  | | C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  | 07aPP 2. Redes Ethernet: Ethernet. 2c a<      | HLDagֳgֳ ?V (ESTRUCTURA DE LA TRAMA (Ethernet II) &()C&    ^ | 68c?@^ | 68c?p @^ | 68c?S @^ | 68c? @^  | 68c? @|  | N`Fa jJ jJ1?P 2Destino Origen Tipo Datos CRC 3P m63c.  f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8  | ZQa jJ jJ1 ?  R Prembulo: 10101010 (7 bytes) 10101011 (1 byte) Destino: Direccin MAC destino. 6 bytes. Origen: Direccin MAC origen. 6 bytes. Tipo: Tipo de protocolo encapsulado en el campo de datos: IP, ARP, DECnet, Xerox NS, AppleTalk, etc...). 2 bytes. CRC: Cdigo de Redundancia Cclico. 4 bytes!xf3:Gf GfGfGfGfnGfGf'Gf    %  "  F          )   f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8H | 0޽h ? ̙33 |@(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z   0maPP 2. Redes Ethernet: Ethernet. 2c a<       HXyagֳgֳ ?V jESTRUCTURA DE LA TRAMA (802.3)C  ^  68c?P~^  68c?Pw ^  68c?P~ ^  68c?P j^  68c?Pn  Ta jJ jJ1?pe .b1....................6 7..................12 13,14 15 16 17.19......................1515 4 bytes cP m6cc]  f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8  Z0a jJ jJ1 ? 0 PDestino: Direccin MAC destino. 6 bytes. Origen: Direccin MAC origen. 6 bytes. Long.: Longitud de la trama (< 1514). 2 bytes DSAP/SSAP: Equivalente al campo "Tipo" en l Ethernet II. 2 bytes. CTL: Control. 2 bytes CRC: Cdigo de Redundancia Cclico.xf3Gf"GfGf"GfGf)Gf Gf9GfGfGfGf!Gf#  $    &  .      ' f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8^  61?P ^  61?P ^  61?P~ EK  Ta jJ jJ1?.   DSAP SSAP  k c   f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8E  Ta jJ jJ1?~ L CTL P s9c   f}pc M @ 3  Xh(8XB  08c? p   0a ?Destino 2C  0a  >Origen 2C  0aP  VLong 2C  0ؾa =Datos 2C  0Ha@ ;CRC 2CH  0޽h ? ̙33 }u` (    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z   0PaPP 2. Redes Ethernet: Ethernet. 2c a<       0aP CMO DIFERENCIAR EL TIPO DE TRAMA IEEE 802.3 Los valores del campo  Longitud toman valores de 1500 (0x05DC) como mximo. Ethernet II Los valores del campo  Tipo toman valores superiores a 1500. Ej: 08-00 IP 08-06 ARP 80-35 RARP 81-37 NOVELL&"0l<f 0l<fO0  <f 0l<fC0  <f0  <f1l<f"a aOc aC c c1cT~  C   0 H  0޽h ? ̙33 VN(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z   0aPP 2. Redes Ethernet: Ethernet. 2c a<       0a`P`L sDIRECCIONES MAC Constan de 48 bits (6 bytes) Los 3 primeros bytes especifican el fabricante, y son asignados por el IEEE. Se suelen expresar en formato hexadecimal, separando los bytes por guin o dos puntos. Ejemplo de direcciones de algunos fabricantes: 00-00-0C-XX-XX-XX CISCO 00-20-08-XX-XX-XX FORE Systems 08-00-20-XX-XX-XX Sun 09-00-09-XX-XX-XX Hewlett-Packard 08-00-5A-XX-XX-XX IBM8l<f8l<f -<f0 -<fPl<fcc0ccA*    X     ~           H  0޽h ? ̙33 d\(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0cP@  2. Redes Ethernet: Fast Ethernet.! 2ca<        0` c @R  |Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps Coste reducido Preserva el nivel MAC, simplifica la interoperacin con les redes existentes Fcil Coexistencia con les redes ya existentes\8l<f8l<f ccV   5  I H  0޽h ? ̙33y )!(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0cP@  2. Redes Ethernet: Fast Ethernet.! 2ca<        0"c0` Physical Layer 100BaseTX: UTP, Categora 5 Utiliza dos pares 100BaseT4: Para instalaciones con UTP Cat. 3 y 4 Utiliza los 4 pares 100BaseFX : Fibra Multimodo Fibra Monomodo<8l<f8l<f%8  <f 8l<f=8  <f 8l<f!8  <fcc%c c=c  c !c )                C `A HC:\WINDOWS\Escritorio\Web\fig_1.jpg   H  0޽h ? ̙33D  (    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zl  0A ??   06cP@  2. Redes Ethernet: Fast Ethernet.! 2ca<      H  0޽h ? ̙33! d\(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0BcP@  2. Redes Ethernet: Fast Ethernet.! 2ca<        0lGc`p  |Full-Duplex Permite 100Mbps en cada direccin No hay colisiones. Incrementa la mxima distancia a 2 Km. Slo mquinas conectadas a un switch pueden trabajar a full duplex. Auto-Negotiation Autonegociacin 10/100 Autonegociacin Full/Half 8l<f8l<f8l<f38l<f aca2cA  ~           H  0޽h ? ̙33"  0(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0[cP@  2. Redes Ethernet: Fast Ethernet.! 2ca<        0`c 0  Agregacin de Enlaces Posibilidad de  agregar varios puertos de 100Mbps como un nico flujo de datos entre dos conmutadores. Permite obtener un backbone de mayor velocidad sin tener que adquirir puertos a 1Gbps.8l<fi8l<f8l<fX8l<fa~c c;c.  ; H  0޽h ? ̙33# G?@(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0rcP Gigabit Ethernet Standard aprobado en el ao 1998, IEEE-802.3z Conserva el nivel MAC de Ethernet La capa fsica utiliza tecnologa Fiber Channel. Inicialmente, tecnologa de backbone\8l<f8l<fccd H   "       # lA ?p?"`  "   0{cP@ #2. Redes Ethernet: Gigabit Ethernet.$ 2ca<     H  0޽h ? ̙33\$ Z\R\`[(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  04cP@ #2. Redes Ethernet: Gigabit Ethernet.$ 2ca<     YF `  `  Ztcgֳgֳ 3)X?`,$D  0 El aumento de ancho de banda en el extremo de la red (NICs) provoca la necesidad de un ancho de banda an mayor en el resto de la red c                          h@   B3C%DElFtgggL2 @1?$   woff!&*+/52^,#!$78@    c jBLCfDElFti?8p $I1yEX f KOL(M4>CF)Kee78@N ZU   c jBLCcDElFti?KK9Cs>4(MsO af  yI1>JUpZ8bbK78@N g U2    `d @1? a    B3C(DElFtgggL2 @1?'!   ypgg!&**/72_,#!'78@_ w    c jBSC0DElFt?+U $"2JAbX(f +<5d?HLOR//78@     c jBSC0DElFt?RR)LTH}?5+ ;X?sJ" &U*+//R78@ 2    `{d @1?    BCDElFtgggL2 @1? u j`XX6]78@W  `2  0i1?h!  r  BA ? r  BA ?8_vS r  BA? xB  Hp?  xB  Hp? m 2 xB  Hp? , U xB  Hp? k 6 f  61?  xB  H1?     BC=DEF1?<< @  xB  H8c?  xB  H8c? & `  01?  `  0?  n `  01? j `  01?  xB   H1?  xB ! H1? rB " B1?   rB # B1?, ,  rB $ B1?I I  rB % B1?` `  rB & B1?y y  rB ' B1?  rB ( B1?  rB ) B1?  rB * B1?  rB + B1?6 6 rB , B1?N N xB - H1?   ` . 0?J  n_ ` / 0```?  n ` 0 0```? t n f 1 6``````1? 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JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@U K ZN  K @  Kz A  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ Kz B  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ K> T 8 h  C#  Ol ZN 8   D 8  z E  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@8  z F  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@8  ZN Q8 h  G Q8 h z H  JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@'8 h z I  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@Q8   T 8  J#  l ZN 8   K 8  z L  JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@8  z M  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@8 ? ZN  8  N  8 z O  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@z 8 z P  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ 8  T R 8   Q# s 4 l ZN R 8 i  R R 8 i z S  JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@( 8 i z T  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@R 8 ZN  8   U  8  z V  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ 8  z W  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ 8 ;  T    X#    ZN    Y   z Z  JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@ z [  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@  K ZN    \   z ]  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@  z ^  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@   T ^    _# | <  ZN ^  u  ` ^  u z a  JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@4  u z b  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@^  ZN     c    z d  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@   z e  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@  G ` f 03?kG g N4hAA?8n9 vT &( 2gf  q` h 03?i  i NhAA?n  uR&( 2gf  q,T q j# 8n ` k 0?q` l 0?>?` m 0?8l  n NhAA?v  n&( 2gf q` o 03?r F p NjAA?6y 7 uR&( 2gf  q` q 03?p  r N, jAA?y  uT&( 2gf  q` s 0?O y  t NjAA?  n&( 2gf qrB u B3f?irB v B3f?6 i6 % w TLj1?` ,$D  0 e10 / 100 en Cat-5$( 2ef    x TPj1?@  ,$D 0 L&( 2gf EpN   y  `gm  Z  z#  ,$D 0 T  t  {# Y  ZN    |   z }  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@  z ~  JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@  ZN ] t   ] t z   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@3 t z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@]  `  03? Z   NjAA?A L  yT / R&( 2gf  q,T ?q # `  0??q`  0?>A?,T Dc # s`  0?Dc`  0?0F1,T ?R  # 8  `  0??R `  0? A  T dl # ZN d  dz   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@dz   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@dZN Udl  Udlz   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@+dlz   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@Ud T d  # CZN d   d z   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@d z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@dC ZN  d    d z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@~ d z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ d  T V d # w ZN V dm   V dm z   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@, dm z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@V d ZN  d   dz   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ dz   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ d?T =r # `  03?=r  N@.jAA?D9] yT / R&( 2gf  q T Kk # FZN K  Kz   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@Kz   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@KZN TKk  TKkz   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@*Kkz   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@TK T K  # BFZN K   K z   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@K z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@KB ZN  K    K z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@} K z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ K  T U K # v FZN U Kl   U Kl z   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@+ Kl z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@U K ZN  K   Kz   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ Kz   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ K> T 8 h  #   ZN 8    8  z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@8  z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@8  ZN Q8 h   Q8 h z   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@'8 h z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@Q8   T 8  # @  ZN 8    8  z   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@8  z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@8 ? ZN  8    8 z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@z 8 z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ 8  T R 8   #  t ZN R 8 i   R 8 i z   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@( 8 i z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@R 8 ZN  8     8  z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ 8  z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@ 8 ;  T    # IY  ZN       z   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@ z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@  K ZN       z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@  z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@   T ^    # Y | ZN ^  u   ^  u z   JBACyDEPFX8c? +=Qcr(9R`iqvxu(o4d@]),@4  u z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@^  ZN         z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@   z   JBBCyDEPFX8c? +=Qds(9R`iqvxu(o5dA]),@  G `  03?u  NIjAA? yT / R&( 2gf  q`  03?8    NJjAA?   yT / R&( 2gf  qT }4  #  Z ,T q # 2`  0?q`  0?>?`  03?1  NZjAA?} &" yT / R&( 2gf  qT 48  # 4 `  03?!d  NxcjAA?/*S xT/ R&( 2gf  q`  03?Q   NTkjAA? *?  yT / R&( 2gf  q`  03? *8   NljAA? 4(  yT / R&( 2gf  qxB  H3f?UU|T `H  # `U   0$uj` X250 Mbps 2 ef    0xj`S X250 Mbps 2 ef    0\|j`1k  X250 Mbps 2 ef    0j` H  X250 Mbps 2 ef  xB  H3f?  xB  H3f?  xB  H3f?  $  Tj1? ,$D  0 dGigabit en Cat-5$( 2ef  L  Tj1?B ,$D 0 *Requiere la cancelacin de eco en cada par&+( 2+gf*    3 rj 1? u  U10 Mbps ef  H  0޽h ? ̙33, d\`(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0jP@ #2. Redes Ethernet: Gigabit Ethernet.$ 2ca<     K  0j0P` ;Packet Bursting Cmo podemos mejorar el carrier extension\8l<f,8l<fc,c0     C ^A"FC:\WINDOWS\Escritorio\Web\fig4.bmpLjH  0޽h ? ̙33(- h(    0TjP@ #2. Redes Ethernet: Gigabit Ethernet.$ 2ca<       04jp _Ejemplo (2c    C ^A#FC:\WINDOWS\Escritorio\Web\fig7.bmp`   C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@ZH  0޽h ? ̙33,. l(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z   `hjgֳgֳ ?p j   Zjgֳgֳ ?0 `   j H  0޽h ? ̙33 /   7 (    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@ZF  0|j `  h Se comparte el ancho de banda entre todas las estaciones. Slo puede transmitir una estacin en un momento dado Las colisiones (en el caso de ethernet) se  ven en toda la red. B(l<f 2aA        "                   0jPp` -3. Interconexin a nivel 2: Redes compartidas.. 2ca- pB  H8c? 55 pB  H8c? NN j  BA$? Z'Y j  BA%? Y pB  H8c? 4 j  BA$? Y j  BA$? ~ KY j  BA$?  Y j  BA%? z Y pB  H8c?Y pB  H8c?Y l l pB  H8c?Y  pB  H8c?Y @@ H  0޽h ? ̙33 0   ( (    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0xjPp` -3. Interconexin a nivel 2: Redes compartidas.. 2ca- 8  0|j` B Existen las mismas limitaciones con Hubs y con segmentos fsicos.6C(l<fBaA<     pB @ H8c?  pB  H8c? ? pB  H8c?O  pB  H8c?B  j  BA$? j  BA%?P - j  BA$?Z' j  BA$? j  BA$?~ K j  BA%?P pB  H8c? g g C pB  H8c? C pB  H8c? ;= pB @ H8c?  j  BA&? Q     # lMpjgֳgֳ @? D   qHub  f  hh88H  0޽h ? ̙33P 1    (    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0lPp` -3. Interconexin a nivel 2: Redes compartidas.. 2ca-   0Tl`P0z @j No es idneo para topologas multi-servidor Slo puede acceder a un servidor en un instante determinado.6k(l<fjaA|         pB @ H8c?M M pB  H8c?m ?n pB  H8c? m pB @ H8c? L j  BA$?V) j  BA%? -) j  BA$?VZ') j  BA$?V ) j  BA$?V~ K ) j  BA%?) pB  H8c?) g g pB  H8c?) pB  H8c?) ;=^ pB @ H8c?) L j  BA&? Q d    # lMlgֳgֳ @?k D x  qHub  f  hh88H  0޽h ? ̙33:2  z(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0jP .3. Interconexin: Mejoras en la red compartida./ 2ca.   08 l6  ^ Red Compartida Todas las estaciones forman parte del mismo dominio de colisin Red Segmentada (Bridging) Dominios de colisiones separados Mayor ancho de banda agregado(l<fA(  <f(l<fA(  <faAca@cA -                     # lA' ?p?" P H  0޽h ? ̙33S3 @!!(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@ZpB  H8c? j  BA$?X  + pB  H8c?  j  BA$?XB  + j  BA$?X+ j  BA$?Xf3+ j  BA%?+ pB  H8c?+ OO pB  @ H8c?+ gpB  H8c?+ # # pB  H8c?+ pB  H8c?u   ij  BA$? @  pB  H8c?gij  BA$?  j  BA$? d1 j  BA$? j  BA%?v ` m pB  H8c? ipB  H8c? RRipB  H8c? ipB  H8c? &&iF      ~ r  BA(?    T|?lgֳgֳ?   pBridge b  hh88vB  Np?' / '   TLlgֳgֳ? 51  wTrfico  f hh88vB  Np?  T Ulgֳgֳ?  wTrfico  f hh88  0Vl4 Vd Hay dos trficos simultneo, uno en cada segmento til en entornos de diferentes grupos de trabajo*e(l<fea              ! 0]lP #3. Interconexin: Redes segmentadas.$ 2ca# H  0޽h ? ̙334 tl`(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0hlP 3. Interconexin: Bridges. 2ca"     0mlM@`   Realizan su funcin a nivel 2 Analizan el trfico entrante Filtran los paquetes segn la informacin de nivel de enlace. Se utilizan bsicamente cuatro algoritmos: Transparent bridge Translating bridge Source route bridge Encapsulating bridge l(l<fS(  <f 2aScA" R H  0޽h ? ̙335 sk(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  00~lP !3. Bridges: Bridges transparentes." 2 caH        0l0  ~ Los bridges aprenden las MAC que hay en cada segmento. Propagan slo el trfico que tiene que pasar . Mantienen una tabla de direcciones. No puede haber bucles en la topologa lgica: Spanning TreeT(l<f(  <fac<     H  0޽h ? ̙336 91 (    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  Tl ?| K   C(k F       r  BA(?    Tlgֳgֳ?   tBridge  f  hh88F      c r  BA(?     Tlgֳgֳ?   tBridge  f  hh88pB  H8c?@pB  H8c? p pB  H8c?P Q j  BA$?Sj  BA$?^ j  BA$? a. |B  TD1? !"P |B  TD1? QR |B  TD1?`|B  TD1?` 1 2 P |B  TD1? 1 2 |B  TD1?   |B  TD1?  @  3 rdl2 @ 1?6  WE 1$ g    3 rl2 @ 1?=j  WE 2$ g    3 rl2 @ 1?  j  WE 3$ g    3 rl2 @ 1? j  WB 1$ g    3 r./ IH  0޽h ? ̙338 @8""(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0lP 3. Bridges: Spanning Tree. 2 ca<        0@lp  Red fsica con bucles6(l<faA<    F     `  % r  BA(?    Tlgֳgֳ?   tBridge  f  hh88F      b U r   BA(?     T$mgֳgֳ?   tBridge  f  hh88pB  H8c?pppB  H8c? o  pB  H8c?  j  BA$?j  BA$?]c j  BA$? `-c |B  TD1?@ ! |B  TD1?@ PQ |B  TD1?p|B  TD1? 0 1 |B  TD1? 0 1 |B  TD1?   |B  TD1?p    3 r|m2 @ 1? SE 1  c    3 r m2 @ 1? <  SE 2  c    3 rl2 @ 1?    SE 3  c    3 rm2 @ 1?  SB 1  c    3 rPm2 @ 1?F    SB 2  c  F       r  BA(?    Tmgֳgֳ?   tBridge  f  hh88|B  TD1?`  |B ! TD1?pp  " 3 0e0e    B C DEdF, 2 @  o 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||`(x(`H(  0 ( p p p (088@        (PH  0޽h ? ̙3389 $$x(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0'mP 3. Bridges: Spanning Tree. 2 ca<       0.m@` | Red lgica * (l<f a"  F     p0 5 r  BA(?    T7mgֳgֳ?   tBridge  f  hh88F       e r   BA(?     T@mgֳgֳ?   tBridge  f  hh88pB  H8c?PpB  H8c?   pB  H8c? p j  BA$?`-j  BA$?0s j  BA$? s |B  TD1?P  |B  TD1?P  |B  TD1? !|B  TD1?  |B  TD1? 0 |B  TD1?  |B  TD1?   3 r Fm2 @ 1?n SE 1  c    3 r,Jm2 @ 1?&   SE 2  c    3 rxMm2 @ 1?& t  SE 3  c    3 r`Lm2 @ 1?& n  SB 1  c    3 rOm2 @ 1?V *  SB 2  c  F       r  BA(?    TWmgֳgֳ?   tBridge  f  hh88|B  TD1?p pp |B ! TD1?pp |B "@ TD3o?p0` |B # TD3o?@  $ 3 x0e0e    B C DE@F  2 @  o 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||dPx@`0x0(   @ @     8pH  0޽h ? ̙33:  Z(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z   00gmP 3. Bridges: Translating bridges. 2 ca<    e  0lm`0L { Proporcionan interconexin entre LANs con diferentes niveles fsico y de enlace. Son bridges transparentes especializados:| 2|aH"  0     NA* ??zX $ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33C; @&&(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0ymP "3. Bridges: Bridges encapsuladores.# 2 ca<    e  0_m@` } Se asocian con redes troncales (backbone). Pone los mensajes en un "sobre", para su transmisin a travs de la red troncal.6~(l<f}aA.!  T F z |z  Z2  s *1?Z  rB  B1?Oz / z rB  B1?/: /ZrB   B1?j ZrB   B1?Oz zf"   6GQ 1?w a f"   6GQ 1?y c f"   6GQ 1?u _ f"  6GQ 1?} Zg rB  B1?J oJ rB  B1?_J J rB  B1? ZrB  B1?  zrB  B1? z rB  B1? Z rB  B1?J J rB  B1?oJ /J Z  s *1? s` Z  s *1? s Z  s *1? O Z  s *1? I rB  B1?y  rB  B1?5F F rB  B1?: : rB  B1?/Z Z   TXmgֳgֳ?ue9 LAN "A"  g  hh88   T@mgֳgֳ?=e|9 LAN "B"  g  hh88 ! Tmgֳgֳ? V  vBRIDGE 4  g  hh88 " T(mgֳgֳ? An vBRIDGE 2  g  hh88 # Tmgֳgֳ? Z  vBRIDGE 3  g  hh88 $ Ttmgֳgֳ?   vBRIDGE 1  g  hh88 % T,mgֳgֳ?  y RED TRONCAL  g  hh88 & Tmgֳgֳ? * Y  uF D D I  g  hh88H  0޽h ? ̙33< XP`(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0XmP 3. Bridges: Redes segmentadas. 2 ca.     0m k Si el trfico inter-segmento es superior al 20%, debemos plantearnos de nuevo la solucin de segmentacin.6l(l<fkaA                pB  H8c?Iee= j  BA$? WpB  H8c?= d= j  BA$? j   BA$?{ j   BA$?> j   BA%?`pB   H8c?''= pB  @ H8c? pB  H8c? = pB  H8c?p p = pB  H8c? j  BA$?  pB  H8c? j  BA$? xE j  BA$?  j  BA$? i j  BA%?   pB  H8c? pB  H8c? pB  H8c? YYpB  H8c? F .,     V Y r  BA(?_,    Thmgֳgֳ?.   pBridge b  hh88   BkCDEFp8c8c?DKj @ ]  Tmgֳgֳ? -e r>20%  ff  hh88H  0޽h ? ̙33qE ! ;4(  4 4 C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z 4 0$oP 3. Bridges: Redes segmentadas. 2 ca.    4 0xo00 .$ El gran problema es el  trfico transeunte que atraviesa diferentes segmentos. La situacin puede empeorar en entornos con mucha segmentacin.6(l<faA     "        F `2  4 PbxB !4 H8c?e_eS r "4 BA$? WxB #4 H8c?S dS r $4 BA$?  r %4 BA$?{ r &4 BA$?> r '4 BA%?`xB (4 H8c?''S xB )4B H8c?xB *4 H8c?  S xB +4 H8c?p p S xB ,4 H8c? # r -4 BA$?  xB .4 H8c?r /4 BA$?x E r 04 BA$?   r 14 BA$? i r 24 BA%? $  xB 34 H8c? xB 44 H8c? xB 54 H8c?Y YxB 64 H8c? N .,   74 V  r 84 BA(?_,   94 Tdogֳgֳ?.   pBridge b  hh88 :4  BkCDEFp8c8c?DKj @ s ;4 T, ogֳgֳ?- 2 r>20%  ff  hh88H 4 0޽h ? ̙33F 44<+(  < < C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z < 0(oP ~ 3. Bridges. 2 ca"  ) < 0.o@`  1 El trfico entre A y B ocupa TODOS los segmentos2 22aV        pB < H8c?j < BA$? pB < H8c?4j < BA$?y F j  < BA$?  j  < BA$?jj  < BA%?G pB  <@ H8c?F pB  <@ H8c?pB < H8c?Z Z pB < H8c? pB < H8c?   j < BA$? :X pB < H8c?  j < BA$? X j < BA$? ^+X j < BA$? X j < BA%?Z g X pB < H8c?X pB < H8c?X LL pB < H8c?X  pB < H8c?X   F ^,  < e7 * r < BA(?,  < T@ogֳgֳ?^  pBridge b  hh88pB < H8c?P RRD pB < H8c?G 'G j  < BA$? s j !< BA$? Z j "< BA%?Q  pB #< H8c? vv6 pB $< H8c? = F 6j  %< o?4 r &< BA(?6j  '< T,Logֳgֳ?X  pBridge b  hh88pB (< H8c?MMpB )< H8c?"j *< BA$?e n8j +< BA$?^ U1j ,< BA%? ?pB -< H8c?1qqpB .< H8c?8F %G  /< % r 0< BA(?%G  1< TWogֳgֳ?5  pBridge b  hh88  2<  BCDEF p8c8c?F}F"" @^Jc 3< T`ogֳgֳ?9 F  oA  f  hh88 4< Tiogֳgֳ?u  oB  f  hh88H < 0޽h ? ̙33G D[(  D D C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z] D 0ro0  Soluciones. Replantear la distribucin de los clientes y servidores Segmentar ms (posible empeoramiento del rendimiento). Switching Ethernet (l<fq(  <f(l<f aqcaA                    D 0}oP ~ 3. Bridges. 2 ca"  F fy D f0xB D H8c?ee eY r D BA$? W xB D H8c?Y dY r  D BA$?  r  D BA$? { r  D BA$?>   r  D BA%?f xB  D H8c?' 'Y xB DB H8c? xB D H8c? Y xB D H8c?p p Y xB D H8c? ) r D BA$? xB D H8c?r D BA$?x Er D BA$?  r D BA$? ir D BA%? *  xB D H8c?  xB D H8c?xB D H8c?YYxB D H8c?N .,  D V (  r D BA(?_,   D Togֳgֳ?.  pBridge b  hh88 D  BkCDEFp8c8c?DKj @ yH D 0޽h ? ̙33H  L\(  L L C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Zv L 0 HP  b Funcionamento Funciona a nivel 2, como los bridges. Menor latencia Mayor nmero de interfaces l(l<fS(  <f 2aScA$/ L 0HP 3. Switching: Introduccin. 2ca.     L 0H    Objectivos LAN switching Proporcionar TODO el ancho de banda de la LAN a una estacin o grupo de estaciones Evitar el trfico  transente Disminuir las colisiones Aumentar el ancho de banda agregado Disminuir el nmero de colisiones l(l<f(  <f 2acA$)F u :  L  e* >N u :  L u :  L BCFDEFU?EPwEE @u :6   L BCFDEFU?EPwEE @u :6   L BuCkDEFN?ttjj @w?    L BECDEF4?NDDiN @ :   L BECDEF4?NDDiN @ : BN  h   L  h &N    L   ` L 0G/*?  `" L 0G/*?  &N 3   L 3  ` L 0G/*?3  `" L 0G/*?6  &N  h  L  h ` L 0G/*? f `" L 0G/*? h Z L s *? / H L 0޽h ? ̙33I ))T)(  T T C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z T 0`P %3. Switching: Ancho de banda dedicado.& 2%ca.    R T 0 @`|  Proporciona TODO el ancho de banda de la LAN a una estacin o grupo de estaciones. Gracias a los mecanismos de commutacin del equipo.TT(l<f5(  <fTa5c                        pB T@ H8c? 5; pB T@ H8c? 6* pB T H8c?  pB T H8c?   pB  T@ H8c?69 j  T BA$?Ei j  T BA%?i j  T BA$?i j  T BA$? c0 j T BA$? N j T BA%?er i pB T H8c?i  pB T@ H8c?i *+ F   { 9 T  k >N   { 9 T   { 9 T BCFDEFU?EPwEE @  {  T BCFDEFU?EPwEE @  {  T BuCkDEFN?ttjj @ - 9 T BECDEF4?NDDiN @6  { 9 T BECDEF4?NDDiN @6  { 9BN    T   &N    T   ` T 0G/*?  `" T 0G/*?  &N  L  T  L ` T 0G/*? I `" T 0G/*? L &N  n   T  n ` !T 0G/*? n `" "T 0G/*? p Z #T s *? U   $T Thgֳgֳ? c  q10 Mbps b  hh88 %T Tgֳgֳ? U   q10 Mbps b  hh88 &T Tgֳgֳ? P   q10 Mbps b  hh88 'T T!gֳgֳ? m  q10 Mbps b  hh88 (T T0)gֳgֳ? L   q10 Mbps b  hh88 )T TL1gֳgֳ?   q10 Mbps b  hh88H T 0޽h ? ̙33)J  ''\i(  \ \ C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  \ 0XP )3. Switching: Ms ancho de banda agregado.* 2)ca.    F \ 0`5  El commutador permite comunicaciones simultneas entre diferentes estaciones de trabajo. En el ejemplo, el ancho de banda agregado es de 10 X 3 = 30 Mbps.Z(l<f1(  <f(  <fZa1ccA I          F N'0  \ P2 xB \B H8c?5 ; xB \B H8c?6 * xB \ H8c?   xB  \ H8c? &  xB  \B H8c?6& 9 r  \ BA$?E r  \ BA%?' r  \ BA$? r \ BA$?c@ 0r \ BA$?NM  r \ BA%?e'r xB \ H8c?  xB \B H8c?* + N  O {  \  O k >N  O {  \  O {  \ BCFDEFU?EPwEE @ O {  \ BCFDEFU?EPwEE @ O {  \ BuCkDEFN?ttjj @ -  \ BECDEF4?NDDiN @6 O {  \ BECDEF4?NDDiN @6 O { BN   \  &N  t  \  t ` \ 0G/*? r `" \ 0G/*? t &N    \   ` \ 0G/*?  `"  \ 0G/*?  &N  >  !\  > ` "\ 0G/*? > `" #\ 0G/*? @ Z $\ s *? %   %\  BC/DEFp8c8c?.. @u{ i   &\  BCDEFp8c8c? @v  :  '\  BC=DEFp8c8c?<y< @ H \ 0޽h ? ̙33qK !0 ''d(  d d C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  d 0PP )3. Switching: Optimizacin ancho de banda.* 2)ca.     d 0=`f . Evita el trfico  transente El trfico se dirige DIRECTAMENTE a la estacin destino.b(l<f:(  <fa9cAF N'0  d b xB dB H8c?5 ; xB dB H8c?6 * xB d H8c?   xB  d H8c? &  xB  dB H8c?6& 9 r  d BA$?E r  d BA%?' r  d BA$? r d BA$?c@ 0r d BA$?NM  r d BA%?e'r xB d H8c?  xB dB H8c?* + N  O {  d  O k >N  O {  d  O {  d BCFDEFU?EPwEE @ O {  d BCFDEFU?EPwEE @ O {  d BuCkDEFN?ttjj @ -  d BECDEF4?NDDiN @6 O {  d BECDEF4?NDDiN @6 O { BN   d  &N  t  d  t ` d 0G/*? r `" d 0G/*? t &N    d   ` d 0G/*?  `"  d 0G/*?  &N  >  !d  > ` "d 0G/*? > `" #d 0G/*? @ Z $d s *? %   %d  BC/DEFp8c8c?.. @u{ i   &d  BCDEFp8c8c? @v  :  'd  BC=DEFp8c8c?<y< @ H d 0޽h ? ̙33L P l*(  l l C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z l 0P #3. Switching: Tcnicas de Switching.$ 2#ca<       l 0z@,  uExisten dos tcnicas de conmutacin: Store & Forward Cut Through Fast Forward switching Fragment-Free switching&(l<f(l<f(l<f (l<f1(  <f8a a0cAV       R H l 0޽h ? ̙33M |tp t (  t t C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  t 0EP 3. Switching: Store & Forward. 2ca<       t 0t@0,   Cada trama entrante se almacena en un buffer. Una vez almacenada, se analiza completamente toda la trama. Permite comprobar errores. Latencia mayor con paquetes grandes. Deteccin de errores mayor, puesto que se analiza toda la trama.*(l<faZ                               H t 0޽h ? ̙33EN  |(  | | C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z | 0`P 3. Switching: Cut Through. 2ca<      t | 00@`T  \ Tambin conocido como  on the fly Se omite el paso por un buffer. A partir de la cabecera de la trama se toma la decisin de forwarding. Se conmuta la trama antes de recibir toda la trama. Problema: en caso de error, se transmite Menor latencia que en Store & Forward. Menor control de errores.V/(l<faaaA> ^ H | 0޽h ? ̙33LO  (    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0TP 3. Switching: Cut Through. 2ca<      {  0@  Tipos de conmutacin Cut Through: Fast Forward: Conmuta la trama al leer la direccin MAC destino Mnimo control Mnima latencia Fragment-Free: Filtra fragmentos de colisin Filtra paquetes menores de 64 bytes*#(l<f(l<fU(  <f(  <f(l<fD(  <fa aaaUc c  a C c  A                    "   H  0޽h ? ̙33P ~v &&(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0P &3. Switching: Mecanismos de congestin.' 2&ca.      0@p |r Si muchas estaciones se dirigen simultneamente al mismo servidor, se pueden producir situaciones de congestin.P(l<fr(l<fraA            pB @ H8c? 5; pB @ H8c? 6* pB  H8c?  pB  H8c?O   pB  @ H8c?O 69 j   BA$?E j   BA%?P j   BA$? j   BA$?i c0<j  BA$?v NIj  BA%?Per pB  H8c?  pB @ H8c? *+ F   {   x k 2 >N   {     {   BCFDEFU?EPwEE @  { U   BCFDEFU?EPwEE @  { U   BuCkDEFN?ttjj @ ^ -   BECDEF4?NDDiN @6  {   BECDEF4?NDDiN @6  { BN     &N  4    4 `  0G/*? 2 `"  0G/*? 4 &N  R    R `  0G/*? R `"  0G/*? U &N      ` ! 0G/*? `" " 0G/*?  Z # s *?  N $  BC!DEFp8c8c?3   @ gx  %  B&CDEFp8c8c?%% @   &  BCDE Fp8c8c? @ w H  0޽h ? ̙33Q =5 ++(    C AC:\Documents and Settings\xvila\Mis documentos\Personal\xavi.jpg@Z  0UP 3. Switching: Backpressure. 2ca<      #  0У`  En situaciones de congestin el switch genera colisiones. De esta manera las estacions generadoras del trfico dejarn de enviar informacin.b:(l<fT(  <f:aScA          &      F PI  PI   BC)DEFp8c8c?4(( @v  l  < ?      B&CDEFp8c8c?%% @d      BCDE Fp8c8c? @k  xB  B H8c?  xB  B H8c?  xB   H8c? Z xB   H8c?O  xB B H8c?O  r  BA$? r  BA%?;PH r  BA$?uB r  BA$?i <r  BA$?v Ir  BA%?P xB  H8c?V X xB B H8c?  N V     F x 2 >N V     V     BCFDEFU?EPwEE @V   U   BCFDEFU